A PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA (UDA FRUIT)
ABSTRACT
This work were carried out on the phytochemcial analysis of xylopia aethiopica (ude fruit). The extract of the plant sample were prepared by soaking 5g of grinded sample in 100ml of water, ethanol and n-hexane respectively for 24 hours and filtered into conical flask using filter paper. The uses of xylopia aethiopical (uda fruit) were listed. The phytochemcial analysis of the extract shows the presence of alkaloid, saponin, tannins, phenol, flavonoid and glycoside but shows the absence of steroiods.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0    INTRODUCTION TO PHYTO-CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
OF XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA (UDA FRUITS)         
1.1    Aims and Objective                     
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW                       
2.0    Origin of Xylopia Aethiopica              
2.1    Chemical Constituent of Xylopia Aethiopica    
2.2    Science Classification                  
2.3    Definition of Phytochemicals          
2.4    How do Phytochemicals Works            
2.5    Botany and Distribution                  
2.6    Husbandry                          
2.7    Uses of Xylopia Aethiopica    
2.8    Economic Importance/Industrial Uses of
Xylopia Aethiopica                         
2.9    Important of Phytochemical Analysis     
2.10    Bio-active Constituent of Xylopia Aethiopica      
2.10.1 Alkaloids                        
2.10.2 Flavonoid                       
2.10.3 Saponins                          
2.10.4 Tannins                              
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS              
3.0    Materials                         
3.1    Chemical Reagent              
3.2    Method                     
3.2.0 Collection of Sample                
3.2.1 Sample Preparation                  
3.2.2 Phytochemical Screening           
3.2.3 Test for Alkaloid                
3.2.4 Test for Tannins                
3.2.5 Test for Flavonoid using Sodium Hydroxide    
3.2.6 Test for Saponin by using Frothing Test           
3.2.7 Test for Phenol                           
3.2.8 Test or Steriod using Salkawski Test     
3.2.9 Test for Glycoside                       
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0    Results                                    
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0    Discussion                           
5.1    Conclusion                       
    References                          
CHAPTER ONE

1.0    INTRODUCTION
Xylopia Aethiopica commonly referred to Ethopian pepper or Negro pepper in many countries is a member of the annonaceae family. Xylopia aethiopica is a slim, tall tree of about 60 – 70cm in diameter and up to 15 – 30 meter high with straight stem and a slightly stripped or smooth bark. It is widely distributed in the humid forest zones of West Africa especially along rivers in the dry country sides (Irvine, 1961).
Xylopia aethiopica has a wide variety of application, the very odorous roots of the plant are employed in West Africa in cinctures, administered orally to expel worms and other parasitic animals from the intestines or 15 teeth-rinsing and mouth-wash extracts against toothaches. The fruits are also used in various ways and exhibit revulsive properties, especially when mashed with grains. These properties are used advantageously in the external treatment of rheumatism (Hostettmann, 1991). Xylopia aethiopica is aromatic, quite pungent and slightly bitter, comparable to a mixture of cubeb pepper. The smoke, dried fruits of Xylopia aethiopica (5g) is light, cooling and constrictive. It is one of the most effective medicinal plant in Ghana, Cameroon, Nigeria and other Africa, fruits are used (Burkill, 1985).
The fruit of Xylopia aethiopica look rather like small, twisted bean-pods. They are dark brown, cylindrical, 2.5 to 5cm long and 4 to 6mm thick, the contours of the seeds are visible from outside. Each pod contain 5 to 8 kidney shaped seeds of approximately 5mm length. The hull is aromatic but not the seed itself (Burkill, 1985).
The fruit of xylopia aethiopica (Grains of Selim) is used as a soup condiment and medicine (that is for cough remedy). The crushed powdered fruits can also be mixed and used as cream, cosmetic products and perfumes (Burkill, 1985), and the dried fruits are also used as species in the preparation of two species local soups named “ofe nsala” and “isi ewu” taken widely in the south-west and south eastern part of Nigeria.
The wood of xylopia aethiopica is quite flexible and has some local use on West Central Africa for masts, boat paddles and rudders. It has been described as termite proof and accordingly is used for house pests and beams. The dried black fruits of this species are called guineas or Negro pepper (Irvine, 1961).

1.1    AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
(a)    Extraction of the bioactive compound from the uda fruit using water, ethanol and n-hexane.
(b)    Phytochemical analysis of the sample extract.